Academy Course Catalogue

Administration Department

Administration is the study of how fleet personnel are maintained and organized.

ADMIN101: Starfleet Operations Gives background on the structure of Starfleet. ADMIN110: Chain of Command and General Protocol Forms and ceremony of etiquette required for operation within the Chain of Command. ADMIN200: Starfleet Starships Discusses the logistics of starship personnel administration aboard a starship. ADMIN210: Starfleet Bases and Outposts Discusses how Starbases and Outposts are administered by their commanding officers. ADMIN300: Deployment An in depth look at how Starfleet's ships are moved around Federation space. ADMIN500: Personnel Management A complete course on the logistics of personnel management on the Starfleet-wide discourse on Personnel affairs.

Astrogation Department

Astrogation is the study of the navigation of a spacecraft in flight.

ASTRG101: Navigation of Starships, Sublight How Federation and non-Federation starships can be manuevered at sublight speeds. ASTRG102: Navigation of Starships, Warp Speed How Federation and non-Federation starships can be manuevered at warp speeds. ASTRG103: Navigation of Starships, Postwarp speed How Federation and non-Federation starships can be manuevered past warp speeds, like with Quantum Slipstream, or Transwarp.

Diplomacy Department

The art or practice of conducting international relations, as in negotiating alliances, treaties, and agreements. Also, the understanding of the skills of dealing with foreign races or entities. DIPL101: General Introduction to contact with non-Federation species. DIPL110: Negotiations This course provides training in the art of negotiations. DIPL200: Hostile Species Advanced training in tactics for dealing with hostile species. DIPL250: Non-Traditional Situations This course provides advanced training in how to deal with non-traditional situations on a starship or base. One example would be dealing with Pre-Warp cultures, should the Prime Directive somehow be compromised.

Intelligence Department

Intelligence covers the training of agents who collect information and conduct espionage on non-Federation entities. INTEL101: Espionage 1 Introductory training in obtaining secret information from hostile government entities. INTEL120: SIGINT Collection/Jamming Training for the SIGINT system, used for collecting information from enemy communications and jamming frequencies. INTEL150: Crypto-analysis Training on deciphering and analyzing enemy cryptographic codes. INTEL201: Espionage 2 Advanced training in obtaining secret information from hostile government entities. INTEL240: Propaganda Training in the use and creation of propaganda. INTEL250: Advanced Analysis Advanced course on the analysis of data collected from enemy sources, and the possible messages held within. INTEL300: Interrogation Training for the nuances of suspect examination.

Law Department

The science and study of law; jurisprudence.

< LAW101: Federation, General Basic course on Federation laws. LAW150: Non-Federation Introductory course on the law systems of some non-Federation species. LAW200: Federation, Constitutional Focuses on the Federation Constitution. LAW210: Federation, Administrative Focuses on law guiding the Administrative members of the Federation. LAW220: Federation, Contracts Focuses on laws regarding contractual binding of services within the Federation system. LAW230: Federation, Environmental Focuses on laws concerning ecological and industrial conduct within the Federation. LAW240: Federation, Criminal Focuses specifically on the trial law. LAW250: Federation, Interplanetary Comparative seminar on the law systems of different Major Species. LAW260 : Federation, Civil Course on Federation laws surrounding civil rights and law systems of employment, healthcare, and welfare. LAW280 : Federation, Military Focuses on the laws concerning military regulations, specifically those of Starfleet. LAW300: International Law Comparative course on laws that are applied to multiple galactic entities. Focus upon Federation legal treaties with the Klingons, Romulans, and Cardassians.

Piloting Department

The art of steering vessels.

PILOT100: Land Vehicles Complete course in a variety of land-based vehicles. PILOT101: Runabouts and Shuttles Complete overview of the procedures for piloting shuttles and runabouts at both sublight and warp speeds. PILOT200: Work Vessels Complete understanding of work vessel manuevering and functionality. PILOT210: Minor Ships Advanced manuevering for small-scale starships < 1,000,000 tons. PILOT220: Major Ships Advanced manuevering for large-scale starships > 1,000,000 tons. PILOT230: Non-Federation Ships Overview of manuevering for starships used by most Major Species.

Introductory Engineering Courses

ENG101: General Electronics Introduction to electronic components in both Federation and non-Federation systems. ENG111: Intermediate Electronics 1 Continues where General Electronics left off by delving more in depth with Electronics in Federation systems, and provides a practical application for the knowledge in StarFleet. Covers Computer Systems, Transporters, Life Support Systems, and Shields. ENG112: Intermediate Electronics 2 Continues where Intermediate Electronics 1 left off by covering Command Functions, Bio-Neural Components, and Programming. ENG121: Colossal Failures in Engineering A series of case studies regarding several major engineering disasters over the past centuries of space travel with particular focus on failures in management and

Seminars

ENGSEM: (Specialty) Seminar on specific non-major equipment.

Propulsion Systems Engineering

ENG201: Impulse Systems A survey of modern impulse systems using fusion power and helium plasma. Students study the development of impulse technology and its use over the centuries, as well as modern impulse drives and their use aboard Federation starships. Simulations provide students with direct experience in operating and maintaining impulse drive systems, including emergency operations. A paper on the development of impulse in Federation history is required. ENG202: Introduction to Warp Systems The study of warp drive theory and development, from Zefram Cochrane to modern transwarp theories. Students study the design of warp drives, the formation of warp fields, and the potential effects of warp technology on normal space and subspace. Students experience developments in warp technology through a variety of simulations, including the original flight of the Phoenix and early Federation warp systems. A paper on the evolution and development of warp technology is required. ENG203: Advanced Warp Systems An in-depth study of warp drive technology and theory, including the structure of subspace, the formation of warp fields, subspace distortions and how they affect warp drive, and transwarp theories. Students study the operation, maintenance, and construction of warp drive systems using both simulation and hands-on experience. The class visits the Utopia Planitia Yards on Mars to examine the latest developments in warp technology. Students are expected to write a term paper on new developments in warp technology and to pass simulations on warp systems operations, including safety procedures during a warp core breach. Prerequisite: Introduction to Warp Systems, or Intermediate Electronics 2 ENG301: Transwarp Theories A survey of the theoretical limits of warp propulsion and various theories for the achievement of transwarp, or warp factor 10. A vessel in transwarp would theoretically have infinite velocity and therefore occupy all points in space simultaneously. Students examine theories on the achievement of transwarp velocity, from the Excelsior experiments in 2284 to modern transwarp development projects at the Utopia Planitia Yards. ENG302: Alternative Faster-Than-Light Technologies A look at alternative methods of achieving interstellar travel, such as the soliton wave, the graviton catapult, and the quantum slipstream drive.

Material Engineering

ENG211: Introduction to Material Engineering An overview of material engineering history, theory, and practice. Systems of units; material balances and chemical reactions; gas laws; phase phenomena. Energy and material balances for systems with and without chemical reactions; design case studies. Emphasis on modern construction and building materials, including polyduranide and tritanium. Students study design and construction techniques, including the use of matter replication and molecular bonding. Hands-on work and simulations provide direct experience in structural design. Students design and construct working models as part of their study. ENG212: Mechanics Introduction to static and particle dynamics and rigid body dynamics. Two-, three-, and four-dimensional force systems; the concept of static and dynamic equilibrium; rotational and translational kinetic energy of rigid bodies; friction momentum and impulse principles; analysis of structure; development of movement and shear diagrams; strength of materials; virtual work; work-energy relationships. Analysis of bending, torsion, axial load bearing; diagrams; stresses and strains; structural reinforcement through energy fields. Students perform experiments and hands-on work in simulation to provide direct experience. ENG213: Electromagnetics and Applications A study into the principles and applications of electromagnetism. The history of electrodynamics is told, from the invention of the battery to QED covariation theory. Magnetic fields; electrical principles including voltage, current, restivity, inductance, impedance; Classical elektrodynamics vs. Quantum elektrodynamics; Maxwell's equations; Lorentz Force and dipole moment; Laws of Coulomb, Ampère, Faraday, and Gauss; Elektron spin, Field equations of QED; Elektroweak interaction and Photon-elektron interaction. Practical work includes the production of power supplies and mayor electronic components. Students perform experiments and hands-on work to provide direct experiments. ENG215: Introduction to Nanotechnology An introductionary course into the production and application of nanotechnology, which is the manufacturing of electronic components on the atomic and supramolecular scale. In Engineering, this is expressed as the manufacturing of microcomponents. The history of Nanotechnology is told, from the invention of Vacuum tubes to Quantum chips. Binary algebra is explained. Safety protocols are strictly enforced. Electronic components are studied and assembled, on prototyping materials. Active components include: transistors, diodes, switches, and optoelectronics. Passive components include: resistors, capacitors, inductors, transformators, transducers, sensors, and antennae; Piezoelectric components are explored as well. Students learn to prototype on breadboards and PCBs. ENG311: Starship Engineering A study of the principles and theories of starship engineering, from the first manned space vessels to transwarp theories, with a focus on modern vessels. Students study a variety of different vessel designs and theories in simulation, and visit the San Francisco Fleet Yards to see the design and construction process in action. Students examine early Federation starship designs, from the Daedalus-class, through the Constitution-, Excelsior-, Ambassador-, and Galaxy-class vessels, and write papers describing the evolution of these vessels over the years. ENG312: Subspace Mechanics ENG315: Nanotechnology 1 A continuation into nanotechnology. An introduction to the manufacturing of integrated circuits; Boolean algebra is explained; principles of multiplexing, processing, and wiring; Component laws including Moore's Law and Dennard Scaling; Through-hole vs. Top-mount; Analog vs. Digital vs. Mixed Signal ICs; components include flip-flops, multiplexers, and microprocessors. Cadets perform experiments for hands-on experience. Students learn to design ICs and Isolinear chips and assemble them. ENG316: Nanotechnology 2 Continuation into nanotechnology. Introduction to computer hardware; Multi-core designing; Motherboard design; RAM, CPU, GPU, Drives, and Cooling principles; Processing power; I/O circuitry; memory systems; Cluster integration & communication; HDD vs. SSD; Miniaturization of IC designs. Cadets learn to design and manufacture these components, integrating them into PADD and Computer Core systems. ENG415: Nanotechnology - Advanced An elective course on the latest developments in nanotechnology. QLED design; Nanites applications; Superconductors; Quantum ICs and computers; Subspace communication components; supercluster integration. Cadets examine the latest designs of computer cores aboard Starfleet vessels at the Utopia Planitia Yards. Students learn to assemble quantum computer components, and examine nanites in a safe environment. ENG510: Regulation of Chemicals, Radiation, and Biotechnology ENG511: Sustainable Energy An elective course on the production of electrical energy without greenhouse gases. Matter-Antimatter, Wind, Solar, and nuclear energy are examined. Power production onboard Starfleet vessels is examined. Cadets perform experiment and hands-on work to provide immediate experience, and are subject to one field trip to a Wind/Solar park or M-AM/Nuclear power plant.

Programming

ENG221: LCARS Programming 1 Introduction to LCARS programming (the standard software system for StarFleet), the process of designing and constructing software interfaces. Emphasizes the Artificial Intelligence modules, and builds on software development by means of an introduction to the features of the programming language. The course also covers some of the most fundamental data structures and algorithms that are useful to LCARS. ENG222: LCARS Programming 2 Builds on the skills acquired in LCARS Programming 1, placing special emphasis on object oriented software design and data abstraction. Students are introduced to some of the most important and frequently used data structures: lists, stacks, queues, trees, graphs, and programming techniques such as quantum recursion. Other topics covered include analysis of algorithm complexity, program verification, and simulations. Programming assignments focus on the design and implementation of algorithms and data structures. ENG321: Base-Mode Programming In this course, students learn and gain practical experience with software engineering principles and techniques. The practical experience centers on a semester-long team project in which a software development project is carried through all of the stages of the software lifecycle. Topics in this course include requirements analysis, specification, design, abstraction, testing, and maintenance. Particular emphasis is placed on designing and developing maintainable software and on the use of object-oriented techniques throughout the software lifecycle. ENG322: Base-Mode Operations A complete course on the use of the base-mode program in emergency situations when the AI systems have been compromised. ENG323: Application of Creative Design in Holodecks A full course on the application of programming on Holodecks. Includes holographic designing, holodeck programming, and holo-emitter technology principles. ENG420: Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs A continuation of LCARS programming courses. The complete structuring principles of LCARS programs is explained. Includes a complete course on embedded systems technologies. Microprocessor programming is included, and GUI designing is explained. ENG421: Automata, Computability, and Complexity A complete course on the creation of autonomous systems and programs. The principles of programming computability and the increase of software complexity are explored. Includes courses on robotics programming, Autonomous Systems and Machine Intelligence. ENG425: Artificial Intelligence A full course on the programming of Artificial Intelligence systems. Includes courses on autonomous hologram designing, Self-learning AI, Artificial neural networks, and AI's impact on statistics, probability, and economics.

Components Engineering

ENG231: Computer Memory and Personnel Interfaces Focuses on computer cores for starships, as well as the interfaces which personnel use to access all ship functions. ENG232: Replicators, Transporters and Holodecks The design and maintenance of transporters and related systems such as replicators. Students study transporter theory from the earliest invention of the system, through developments such as the elimination of transporter psychosis and the use of active-feed pattern buffers, to experiments such as subspace transport systems and Elway's folded space transport theorem. Students experience suspension inside a transporter pattern buffer, and study a complete transporter system and all its components. The use of transporters in emergency situations, such as high-warp transports and ship-to-ship transports at warp speeds, is also demonstrated and tested through extensive simulations and field exercises. ENG233: Sensors, Communications and Helm Systems The design and maintenance of transmission and reception systems covering the complete range of available frequencies, from subspace emissions through electromagnetic radiation. Cadets learn communication and sensor protocols, signal traffic management, multiplexing, signal degradation and enhancement, and distribution of sensor time for maximum efficiency. ENG234: Deflectors, Weapons and Security Systems Introductory course on tactical and security engineering systems for non-engineering majors. ENG330: Bio-Neural Components Complete course on the expanding field of Bio-Neural circuitry. ENG331: Operations and Command Functions Advanced course on all systems which organize and regulate command and functional abilities on any given ship. ENG332: Life Support Systems Advanced course on all systems which regulate ship atmosphere and conditions, including those aboard diplomatic vessels with the capability to support non M-Class style conditions. ENG430: Medical Systems and Equipment Focuses on medical equipment used by standard Federation vessels. ENG431: Shield Systems A survey of the design and maintenance of force field generating systems, from starship shields to cascade force fields. Students examine the development of shield technology, the role of graviton manipulation in shield function, and the regeneration of shields under combat conditions. ENG432: Weapons Systems An extensive survey of starship weapon systems, their design and maintenance. Students study standard Starfleet weapon systems such as phasers and photon and quantum torpedoes. The course also provides information on nonstandard weapon systems such as Romulan and Breen disruptors and Talarian Merculite rockets. The capabilities of each weapon system are analyzed in various simulations, and students are provided opportunities to study the design and maintenance of each system under actual combat conditions at the Academy Firing Range. Students are expected to prepare a thesis comparing the uses of different weapon systems. ENG433: Security Systems Students study technological systems designed to enhance and provide security, including security force fields, locks and access devices, dampening fields, surveillance equipment, and the maintenance of security devices. Students learn to use security devices in a variety of simulation designed to test their limits. As a final exam, student teams work to design security measures for a situation presented by the instructor, while other students attempt to bypass the security and reach a prearranged goal. ENG530: System Design A complete discourse on the design behind Starfleet systems, from Weapons systems to Life Support. The engineering and schematic principles behind the systems are explained. Students are ordered to complete a design of a mayor system of their own choosing. ENG531: Systems Architecture The full course on designing and implementing systems on Starships. The electronic and mechanical design is explained. EPS schematics and other networks onboard ships are explored. Students are ordered to complete a schematic of an EPS circuitry network on a part of a starship. ENG532: Systems Dynamics The principles behind systems dynamics is explained. This includes courses on Thermodynamics, Energy theory, and network electronics. The EPS circuits are explored again, but with an emphasis on energy flow, temperature, and electrical signalling. The Dynamics of all mayor starship systems are included. Student must complete energy schematics for each of a starship's mayor systems. ENG535: Advanced Replicator Theory and Application A continuation of ENG232, advanced Replicator theory is explained. This includes courses on Replicator design, engineering principles, reprogramming of Replicators. Advanced applications, including metallurgy, pharmaceutics, and weaponry, are also explained. ENG536: Advanced Transporter Techniques, Technology and Theory Another continuation of ENG 232, advanced Transporter theory is explored. High-warp transports and ship-to-ship are explained in full. Experimental techniques are explored as well. Foreign transporter systems, such as those of the Klingons, Cardassians, and Romulan, are studied in full, comparing components and techniques to Federation standards.

Psychology Department

The science that deals with mental processes and behavior.

PSY101: Terran, General An introduction to the scientific study of behavior and its underlying cognitive and biological processes. PSY102: Non-Terran, Major Species An introduction to the scientific study of behavior and its underlying cognitive and biological processes for Major species. PSY111: Two-lobed Interspecies Individuals An introduction to the complexities of the psychology of interspecies individuals with two-lobed brains. PSY112: Four-lobed Interspecies Individuals An introduction to the complexities of the psychology of interspecies individuals with four-lobed brains. PSY201: Terran Development Overview of the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development of humans throughout the lifespan. PSY202: Non-Terran, Major Species Development Overview of the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development of Major species throughout the lifespan. PSY211: Terran Personalities An overview of the major theories of personality with special focus on contemporary personality theory and research. PSY212: Non-Terran, Major Species Personalities An overview of the major theories of personality with special focus on contemporary personality theory and research. PSY221: Terran Gender Examination of the biological, social, and psychological differences and similarities of females and males, with a focus on the naturenurture debate within the field. PSY222: Non-Terran Gender Examination of the biological, social, and psychological differences and similarities of non-Terran females, males, and sub-genders. PSY301: Abnormal An overview of the main psychological disorders, focusing on the major scientific theories of their etiology and treatment. PSY302: Hostilities An overview of the development of overt psychological tendancies towards hostility in both individuals and large-scale societies. Klingons and Romulans as a focus.

Nursing Department

The study of nursing.

NURS101: Health Assessment & Promotion An introductionary course into nursing, the science of patient care. Emphasis upon the principles of care plans, preliminary health assessment before medical diagnosis and nursing diagnosis. The system of nursing promotion & intervention is explained. Cadets are required to report a complete care plan of a hypothetical patient at the end of semester. NURS120: Care for unconventional Species A speciality course detailing the care of hostile or generally radical species, a need arising from Starfleet's promise to provide healthcare to all. Emphasis is laid on Borg and Species 8472. NURS200: Pharmacotherapeutics A course focusing on the field of pharmacotherapeutics, the use of medication in a patient's recovery. Emphasis is laid on the physical and mental interaction to medicine. Cadets are required to complete a test at 100% concerning medicine dosage math. Students are also required to fill in another care plan with correct medicine use. NURS301: Adult & Elder Nursing 1 An introductory course detailing the care for mature and elderly people, a prime task in nursing. Cadets are meant to spend two months in a nursing home. NURS302: Adult & Elder Nursing 2 Advanced course detailing the care for mature and elderly people with mental or physical chronic illness. Cadets are again meant to spend two months in a nursing house. NURS310: Pediatric Nursing A course detailing the care children in adolescent people. Cadets are meant to spend two months at a Pre-school or University nursery. NURS320: Maternity Nursing A course detailing the care of pregnant women, new-born babies, and newly mothers. Cadets are meant to spend two months at a mifwife or hospital, at the Obstetrics department. NURS330: Acute Care Psychiatric Nursing A course detailing the care for people with psychological illnesses, or for people with heavy injury requiring acute care. Cadets are meant to spend two months at the IC in a hospital, and two months in a psychiatric ward. NURS401: Elective Clinical Placement 1 An elective course that involves the placement of Cadets at a hospital post. Emphasis on patient care. NURS402: Elective Clinical Placement 2 An advanced elective where Cadets are posted at an intensive care post in a hospital. NURS500: Leadership & Management in Nursing A course about the working of personnel management and commanding roles within nursing corps. Emphasis is laid on initiative and showing bravery.

Medicine Department

The study of medical practices.

MED101: First Aid and Field Medicine Introductory course on emergency medical practices. MED111: Bedside Manner Focuses on a holistic healing approach to medicine, and a better understanding of the effect of a healer's demeanor on the patient. MED150: Medical Ethics An introduction to basic ethical theory and its application to confidentiality, the doctor/patient relationship, medical experimentation and research, informed consent, treatment decisions for the seriously ill, and conflicts of culture in medical practice. MED175: Epidemiology and Medical Statistics An overview of basic epidemiological concepts needed to critical analyze scientific and medical research. MED201: Clinical Fundamentals An introduction to clinical practice, evidence-based medicine, and differential diagnosis. MED202: Diagnosis, Major Species Establishes an understanding of a given Major Species' states of illness or disease and the art of recognizing possible cures. MED203: Diagnosis, Minor Species Establishes an understanding of a given Minor Species' states of illness or disease and the art of recognizing possible cures. MED211: Pharmacology 1 Introduction to the composition, uses, and effects of drugs. MED212: Pharmacology 2 Advanced course on drugs and their uses in a medical setting for both Major and Minor species. MED301: Surgery, Major Humanoid Species Advanced course on surgical procedures for Major humanoid species and post-operative care. MED302: Surgery, Non-Humanoid Species Introduction to surgical procedures for non-humanoid species and post-operative care.

Clincal Rotations

MED600: Internal Medicine MED610: General Practice MED620: General Surgery MED630: Obstetrics/Gynecology MED640: Pediatrics MED650: Psychiatry & Mental Health MED660: Medical Specialties MED670: Surgical Specialties MED680: Critical Care MED690: Aerospace Medicine MED701: Clinical Elective 1 Opportunity for medical students to spend more time in their area of interest. MED702: Clinical Elective 2

Anthropology & Archaeology Department

Anthropology & Archaeology is the scientific study of societies and the things they leave behind. It encompasses humanoid and non-humanoid life from the distant origins of the universe to the present day. ANTH101: General Anthropology An introduction to the study of lost civilizations and the basic methodologies of anthropology. ANTH102: General Archaeology An introduction to the study of ancient artifacts and how they can be deciphered. ANTH110: From Time Immemorial An elective for non-majors providing an overview of the most ancient life forms discovered in our galaxy, and how we know they existed. ANTH111: History of Archaeologic Thought An overview of the various approaches to the philosophy of archaeology in Federation Core Worlds, from treasure hunter to conservationist. ANTH112: Archaeology in Different Cultures Prerequisite: ANTH111 A continuation of ANTH111, exploring approaches to archaeology in atypical Federation Cultures and on non-Federation worlds. ANTH113: Museums and Collections A study of the various approaches to organizing and displaying artefacts, including case studies of the major collections in the Alpha and Beta quadrants. ANTH114: Avoiding Imposition: Recognizing and Mitigating Cultural Assumptions in Archaeology A course that teaches students how to to explore and recognize their own cultural biases and the impacts that those biases may have on the interpretation of archaeologic evidence. Aditionally students will learn techniques for mitigating those biases. ANTH115: Theories of Cultural and Social Anthropologies ANTH120: Wonders Beyond Our Galaxy An elective for non-majors providing an overview of all life discovered from beyond our galaxy, especially those encountered by such venerable ships as the USS Greyhound and the USS Enterprise. ANTH131: Galen's Ancient Humanoids A detailed study of the coded genetic program discovered by Dr. Richard Galen and completed by Captain Jean-Luc Picard that led to the discovery of the most ancient humanoid life in the galaxy and what it means for us today. ANTH132: The Preservers A detailed study of the Preservers, a highly-advanced alien race who passed through the galaxy rescuing primitive cultures in danger of extinction, and seeding them on other worlds where they could be allowed to grow and thrive. ANTH201: Advanced Anthropology & Archaeology Advanced methodology and application of anthropological and archaeological principles. ANTH300: Ancient Empires An elevtice for non-majors providing an overview of the many ancient empires that ruled vast areas of our galaxy eons ago. ANTH321: Iconia: Demons of Air & Darkness A detailed study of everything known about the Iconian empire and those the Iconians ruled. ANTH322: The T'kon Empire: Masters of the Stars Themselves A detailed study of the ancient T'kon Empire and the many worlds they protected.

Astronomy Department

Astronomy is the scientific study of matter in outer space, especially the positions, dimensions, distribution, motion, composition, energy, and evolution of celestial bodies and phenomena. ASTRO101: General Astrophysics A study of the general physics of stellar phenomena. ASTRO121: The First Three Minutes of the Universe An elective course for non-majors covering current theory regarding the origin of the universe. ASTRO122: The Grand Tour An elective course for non-majors providing an overview of the planetary classification system using the Sol, Vulcan, Andor, and Tellarite systems as examples. A mandatory weeklong visit to one of the systems will be arranged during the semester. ASTRO123: Strange Sightings & Spatial Anomalies An elective course for non-majors covering spatial anomalies and other unusual phenomena encountered by various starships throughout the centuries. ASTRO200: Advanced Astrophysics Specifics of the forces divining movement of interplanetary bodies, blackholes and wormholes. ASTRO250: Stars Teaches the evolution and gravitational forces of stars. ASTRO301: Stellar Cartography 1 Class on the basics of how stellar maps are assembled and analyzed. ASTRO302: Stellar Cartography 2 Class on advanced stellar map-making and analysis.

Chemistry Department

The science of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter, especially of atomic and molecular systems. CHEM101: Concepts The theories, models, structures, and reactions of modern chemistry are introduced to the nonscience major. Historical antecedents in the development of current concepts of matter are explored. Mathematical problem-solving in a chemistry context is included. CHEM150: The Periodic Table Elective course covering the full length of the periodic table and its atoms, including periodicity, co-valence, and general occurrence. CHEM160: Chemistry of Atmospheres and Oceans An introduction to chemical compounds and their biogeochemical cycles in the oceans and atmosphere of Class M planets, including discussions on potential climate issues, such as ocean acidification and greenhouse gases. CHEM180: Temporal Chemistry Elective course detailing the specific chemistry involved in temporal mechanics. CHEM201: Organic Chemistry 1 The compounds of carbon with an emphasis on structure, nomenclature, and stereochemistry. Laboratory course. CHEM202: Organic Chemistry 2 The compounds of carbon with an emphasis on reaction mechanisms and spectroscopy. Laboratory course. CHEM301: Physical Chemistry 1 Application of physical principles and mathematical descriptions to chemical systems. Quantum mechanics, spectroscopy, chemical kinetics, and chemical dynamics. CHEM302: Physical Chemistry 2 Application of physical principles and mathematical descriptions to chemical systems. Chemical and statistical thermodynamics, as well as Chromatography and Chemical Process Theory. CHEM400: Advanced Inorganic The elements and the periodic table with emphasis on modern structural theory. CHEM421: Atmospheric Chemistry Elective course studying the specifics of atmospheric chemistry, with an emphasis on greenhouse gases and inorganic components. CHEM422: Planetary Chemistry Elective course studying the specifics of planetary composition, with an emphasis on planetary specifications, classification, and habitability for different species. CHEM423: Celestial Chemistry Elective course covering the specific chemistry of stars and other celestial bodies, including asteroids, nebulae. Cosmological Chemistry is included. CHEM424: Marine Systems Chemistry Elective course studying the chemistry and distribution of the elements in seawater, emphasizing chemical principles such as electron structure, chemical bonding, and group and periodic properties and showing how these affect basic aqueous chemistry in marine systems CHEM450: Biochemistry General biochemistry course covering chemical principles of biologic systems: protein and membrane structure and function, metabolism and nucleic acid structure, and molecular biology. CHEM451: Advanced Biochemistry Elective Course in advanced biochemistry covering the latest details of biological systems, with an emphasis on the chemical layout of medical treatment, including chemotherapy and radioactive isotopes. CHEM452: Marine Biochemistry Elective Course investigating the biochemical mechanisms of adaptation in organisms to a marine environment. Special emphasis will be on the effects of pressure, temperature, salinity, oxygen, and light on marine biochemistry.

History Department

The study and analysis of past events. HIST101: Birth of the Federation Complete background on the origins and evolution of the United Federation of Planets. HIST110: Pop Culture A survey of historical popular culture of various Federation worlds. HIST120: The Reawakening: Surak All Over Again A detailed study of one of the most pivotal eras in Vulcan history: the Reawakening of Surak's philosophy just prior to the forming of the Federation. HIST130: Klingon Opera An introduction to some of the greatest masterpieces created and their historical context within the Empire. HIST135: Klingon Literature An introduction to Klingon works of literature and their historical context within the Empire. The first third of the semester will consist of reviewing works of major Klingon poets, the second will consist of a study of excerpts from the Paq'batlh, while the third part of the semester will be the study of the novel The Dream of the Fire by K'Ratak HIST140: Federation Literature A survey of authors and poets from Federation member worlds, with a discussion of their impact on the cultural and political history of their respective planets. Writers discussed will include Akorem Laan of Bajor, Valmiki of Earth and T'Hain of Vulcan HIST150: History of Cetaceans and Other Aquatics A study of the various species of sentient Cetaceans, as well as other sentient Aquatic and Amphibious species from across the Federation, and significant historical events involving them HIST160: Earth's Eugenics Wars A comprehensive course covering the emergence of Earth's eugenics practices all the way to the fallout from the Eugenics Wars themselves. HIST200: Starfleet History An overview of Starfleet's history, from its early beginning as the Earth Starfleet to its modern form. HIST210: The Five-Year Mission A closer look at the famous five-year voyage of the original USS Enterprise under the command of Captain Kirk and how lessons learned then can still be applied today. HIST220: The Romulan Mystique A detailed examination of the Federations encounters with the Romulan Empire from Captain Archer's first encounter to the destruction of Hobus. HIST230: History of Ethics An overview of the development of moral systems of various sentient species and their impact. This will include a survey of the ethical tenets put forward by Surak, Alar, and Bonner the Stochastic, among others, as well as a discussion of the development of the Prime Directive and its precursors. HIST240: The Cardassian Border Wars A detailed overview of the decades-long border war between the Federation and Cardassian Union that ultimately set the stage for the Dominion War. HIST250: The Dominion War A comprehensive course covering the most destructive conflict in modern history. HIST260: Voyager A detailed examination of the seven-year journey of the USS Voyager as it traversed across the Delta Quadrant from 2371 to 2378. In addition to an overview of the new species and civilizations the Voyager crew encountered, Admiral Janeway herself has given several guest lectures over the years on the various command decisions she faced alone, which have been recorded and incorporated into the course. A visit to the Voyager museum in San Francisco is required. HIST270: Leaders and Explorers A survey of the lives of prominent figures in the history of Starfleet. This course will review the lives of individuals such as Garth of Izar, Tryla Scott and other historical figures not discussed at length in HIST210, HIST260 and similar courses HIST275: Kahless the Unforgettable An in-depth look at the history, legend and legacy of the first Warrior King and Emperor of the Klingon Empire HIST280: Brush Wars An overview of the Federation's conflicts with the Talarians, the Sheliak and other interstellar governments not discussed at length in HIST240, HIST250 and similar courses HIST400: Honors Thesis Research Course requires the approval and sponsorship of a member of the Academy's History Department. Student will submit a topic of study for approval, and submit a paper at the end of the semester on said subject. Credit received for course will depend entirely on paper submitted.

Language Department

The study of oral and written communication. LANG101: Federation Standard Course on writing and speech of the Federation Standard language. LANG __0: (Major Species) Courses on writing and speech of the given species. Offers Level 100, Level 200, Level 300, and Level 400. First digit of the course code species the level of the course: 1. Level 100: Elementary 2. Level 200: Intermediate 3. Level 300: Conversational 4. Level 400: Advanced Composition and Speech

Second digit of the course code species the Major Species:

1: Terran/Human 2: Vulcan 3: Andorian 4: Tellarite 5: Betazoid 6: Trill 7: Klingon 8: Romulan 9: Cardassian

Example: LANG170 corresponds with the course "Elementary Klingon" and LANG320 corresponds with the course "Conversational Vulcan."

LANG _0_: (Minor Species) Courses on writing and speech of the given species. Offers Level 100, Level 200, and Level 300. First digit of the course code species the level of the course: 1. Level 100: Elementary 2. Level 200: Intermediate 3. Level 300: Conversational 4. Second digit of minor species xenology courses is always 0: Third digit of the course code species the Minor Species: 2: Deltan 3: Denobulan 4: Bolian 5: Orion 6: Gorn 7: Tholian 8: Ferengi 9: Bajoran LANG101 is reserved for "Federation Standard." Example: LANG109 corresponds with the course "Elementary Bajoran" and LANG204 corresponds with the course "Intermediate Bolian."

Specialty Courses

Special topic courses for the enthusiastic student of language. Course availability varies by semester. LANG510: The Universal Language A closer look at the workings of the Universal translator and the creation of Federation standard, as well as past and current attempts to unite languages under a single banner. LANG513: Terran Jazz, Rock'n'Roll, and Pop A critical examination of ancient Terran music and its importane in Federation culture. Focus on lyrical and rhytmic structures. Famous artists include 'Benny Goodman' & 'Glenn Miller', 'Bob Marley', 'Elvis Presley', 'Michael Jackson' and the band 'Queen'. LANG525: The Vulcan Approach to Critical Analysis An examination of the logical analysis of situations and motivations, as well as similar approaches by Terran philosopher John Stuart Mill and Denobulan philosopher Karix. LANG530: Andorians and Blues A detailed analysis of the Andorian Blues genre and its importance in Federation music. Emphasis is laid on lyrical meaning and emotional concepts. Famous pieces are renditioned by notable Andorian artists. LANG540: The Element of Argument An introduction to Tellarite debating strategies, with study of both theory and application. Members of the Tellarite government have been known to guest teach. LANG573: Klingon Love Poetry An inquiry into the specifics of Klingon Love Poetry that is considered critical in mating procedures. Famous examples are included, and Klingon guest teachers have attended several times. LANG575: Shakespeare in the "Original" Klingon Comparison of the works of the famous playwright from Earth (such as Romeo and Juliet) and remarkably similar-though often bloodier-works by several historical Klingon playwrights (such as Aktuh and Maylota). LANG590: Cardassian Fables A study of several Cardassian fables for children as well as the literary classic The Never Ending Sacrifice.

Mathematics Department

The study and analysis of numbers, equations, and theorums. MATH101: Concepts Introduction to mathematical systems, including Algebra, Geometry, Trigonometry, and Pre-Calculus. Discusses modern applications of these systems, additionally. MATH110: Functions and Models Study of algebraic, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions within the context of mathematical modeling. MATH120: Calculus, Advanced Study of limits, differentiation, and integration of functions of one variable. MATH200: Discrete An introduction to the discrete paradigm in mathematics and computer science. Topics included are induction, recursion, algorithmic problem-solving, graph theory, number theory, and counting techniques. MATH210: Advanced Mathematical Modeling with Emphasis in Biology An introduction to modeling using both continuous ODE and discrete methods, with emphasis on constructing mathematical models to describe qualitative behavior of dynamical biological systems (Prerequisite of MATH110 may be waived with instructor's consent) MATH211: Advanced Mathematical Modeling with Emphasis in Geology An introduction to modeling using both continuous ODE and discrete methods, with emphasis on constructing mathematical models to describe qualitative behavior of dynamical geological systems (Prerequisite of MATH110 may be waived with instructor's consent) MATH250: Differential Study of ordinary differential equations and systems of equations, through the use of analytic, qualitative/ geometric, and numerical techniques. Applications from physics, biology, chemistry, engineering, economics, and psychology will be presented. MATH270: Linear Algebra Solving linear systems, matrix algebra, vector spaces and linear transformations, eigenvectors, orthogonality. MATH300: Combinatorics Continues the ideas of counting, graph theory, and algorithms from Mathematics 200. Topics may include Ramsey Theory, designs, coding theory, generating functions, and optimization. Offered in alternate years. MATH320: Analysis A rigorous study of the structure of the real line and the properties of real-valued functions. Topics include sequences, limits, continuity, differentiabililty, and integrability. MATH330: Probability and Statistics Theory of probability and mathematical statistics including an introduction to descriptive statistics and exploratory data analysis, basic concepts of probability theory, discrete and continuous random variables, special distributions, moment-generating functions, multivariate distributions, sampling distribution theory, and the Central Limit Theorem. MATH331: Advanced Statistical Methods with Emphasis in Biology Introduction to statistical inference. Emphasis on constructing statistics for specific problems in biology. Topics include probability, distributions, sampling, replication, and experimental design. (Prerequisite of MATH330 may be waived with instructor's consent) MATH332: Advanced Statistical Methods with Emphasis in Geology Introduction to statistical inference. Emphasis on constructing statistics for specific problems in geology. Topics include probability, distributions, sampling, replication, and experimental design. (Prerequisite of MATH330 may be waived with instructor's consent) MATH400: Solipsistic Mathematics A survey of recent advances in solipsistic mathematics and their applications to new understandings of quantum theory. Emphasis is placed upon matter replication and transporter mechanisms. MATH440: Topology A rigourous study of topology and conceptions of N-dimensional space.

Philosophy Department

The study of existence, knowledge, and ethics. PHIL100: Introduction to Philosophy Focuses on one philosophical topic at a very broad level, varies by term. Introduces general philosophical techniques, how to write philosophy papers, and how to exam arguments put forth by philosophers. PHIL140: Introduction to Ethics Focuses on one ethical topic at a very broad level, varies by term. Introduces general ethical frameworks and their histories. Students will analyze the ethical topic utilizing these various frameworks. PHIL150: Elementary Logic Introduces basic logic theory. Discusses theory of reasoning, methods for evaluating inferences, and how to formulate basic logical arguments. PHIL240: Applied Ethics A survey of various topics in ethics, looking more closely at various frameworks and how they apply to these topics. Topics will range from fictional moral dilemmas to real-world examples. PHIL250: Intermediate Logic Introduction to formal logic. Students will learn how to symbolize natural language arguments and determine their validity and soundness. This course focuses on two formal logic systems: a prevailing human system and a prevailing Vulcan one. PHIL300: Philosophical Methods of Writing An in-depth focus on philosophical writing, argumentation, and research. Students will read a survey of related philosophical works and write responses to these works. Students will receive comprehensive feedback on writing technique from a graduate student. PHIL370: Philosophy of Religion This course will focus on the philosophies behind various religions represented in the Federation. Students will learn arguments for the existence of the divine as well as arguments in opposition. PHIL401: Topics in Philosophical History Focuses on one historical philosopher, or work of philosopher, in-depth, varies by term. Students will learn about one important philosopher or work in philosopher, engaging with the material and presenting responses to the topic in question.

Physics Department

The science of nature, or of natural objects. PHYS101: Concepts A conceptual study of the implications of modern physics on how we view space, time, and reality. Includes an introduction to the ideas of relativity and quantum physics. PHYS180: Elementary Temporal Mechanics An overview of basic theories regarding time travel and temporal mechanics, with various case studies examined in detail. PHYS201: General Physics 1 Mechanics, heat, and sound. PHYS202: General Physics 2 Electricity, magnetism, and optics. PHYS225: Classical Mechanics Central force problem, Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalisms, and special relativity. PHYS250: Vibrations and Waves Mechanical and electromagnetic waves. Fourier analysis and vector calculus. PHYS260: Ionising Radiation Elective course on the specifics of ionising radiation. Emphasis on radiobiology, radiation safety, nuclear technology and practical applications. PHYS275: Electrodynamics Electrostatics, electromagnetic fields, currents, and Maxwell's equations. PHYS280: Advanced Temporal Mechanics An insight into advanced studies of temporal physics, with an emphasis on mathematical and chemical theories. Cosmological temporal theories are explored as well. PHYS300: Quantum Mechanics Mathematical formalism of quantum theory. The Schrödinger equation and operator algebra. Bound state solutions and angular momentum. PHYS320: Theory of Everything Elective course detailing the current and past attempts of combining Quantum Mechanics and Relativity, so-called Quantum-Relativity theory, also known to many species as the solution to scientist searching for a 'theory of everything'. PHYS350: Thermodynamics The laws of thermodynamics, classical and quantum distribution functions, and an introduction to statistical mechanics. PHYS400: Warp Theory Advanced and complete course on warp theory, from Zephram Cochrane to Bio-matter systems. PHYS410: High-energy Theory Elective course detailing the mechanics of some high-energy systems, including black holes, gravity wells, and Omega particle mechanics.

Planetary Sciences Department

The scientific study of planets, moons, and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System) and the processes that form them. It includes geology, hydrology, meteorology, climatology, ecology and oceanography, among others. PSD101: Concepts Introduction to the study of planetary systems, the major elements contained within planetary systems, and the processes that form them. The course will include a brief survey of the various disciplines involved in this interdisciplinary field. PSD110: Introduction to Geology Introduction to the processes, materials and structures that shape M-Class planets. Emphasizes the dynamic nature of a planet's tectonic system and its relationship to physical features, volcanism, earthquakes, minerals and rocks and geologic structures. PSD130: Introduction to mineralogy and gemology Introduction to the nature of minerals: composition, structure, physical properties, and origins, with emphasis on gem minerals. Focuses on topics of particular interest in gemology, such as mechanisms of color, history and lore of gems, and uses of gems. Hands-on laboratories using approximately one hundred representative gems and minerals. PSD160: Introduction to Volcanology Survey of major volcanoes and volcanic eruptions throughout the Federation. Examines the mechanics of volcanoes and how they affect their respective environments. Course will include review of both historic and current methods of predicting volcanic eruptions. PSD201: Interdisciplinary Earth Sciences Field Seminar A continuation of PSD101, with lectures and demonstrations in field settings. PSD210: Introduction to Climate Systems A survey of the climate systems of Earth, Vulcan, Andor and Tellar Prime. Course will include a study of each of the aforementioned planets' dynamic environment, global energy balance, interplay of chemical, physical, and biological processes shaping their respective surface and climate. Emphasis on quantitative methods for measuring, evaluating, and understanding contemporary changes relative to the last several thousand years. PSD220: Introduction to Seismology A study of planetary quakes, their cause and relationship to plate tectonics, with an emphasis on Terran planetary quakes. Study will include historic earthquakes of Earth and their effect on regional civilizations. PSD222: Physical Geology Continuation of PSD110, with an emphasis on plate tectonics, earthquakes, volcanism and glaciation. PSD225: Physical Processes of M-Class Planets Topics discussed will include deformation of soil, sediment, and rock, erosional and depositional processes and landforms, seismicity and plate-tectonics, and structural, geomorphic, and climatic interactions in major tectonic regimes PSD310: Planetary Geology Continuation of PSD222. In addition, there will be a survey of significant geological features across the Federation, with an entailed look at the physical processes that produced them. Students will also work in teams for a class project, designing a program for a Class III probe to a hypothetical planet. PSD320: Geomechanics Introduction to continuum mechanics: elasticity, fluid dynamics, diffusion, porous flow, multiphase flow, dimensional analysis, and natural convection. Example applications: earthquakes and rock mechanics, flow of glaciers, slope stability, debris flows, groundwater flow, contaminant transport, flow in rivers and channels, mantle and magma convection. Students are required to either have taken, or be concurrently enrolled in, PHYS225, MATH211 and MATH332. PSD325: Geophysics Introduction to geophysical methods including refraction and reflection seismology, gravity, magnetics, electrical resistivity, heat flow, and geodesy. Laboratory exercises explore interpretation of geophysical data to determine elastic wave speed, density, magnetic susceptibility, and electrical conductivity at depth. Students are required to either have taken, or be concurrently enrolled in, PHYS225, MATH211 and MATH332. PSD425: Physical Processes of non-M-Class Planets A continuation of topics discussed in PSD225, with applications of those subjects on non-M-Class planets. In addition, crystallography, crystal chemistry, and characteristics of rock-forming and ore minerals will be discussed. In addition to PSD225, students are required to either have taken, or be concurrently enrolled in, CHEM422 PSD430: Global Tectonics A continuation of PSD220, with an introduction to large-scale plate tectonics processes and observations including motions on a sphere, polar-wander paths, plate-boundary seismicity, focal mechanisms, gravity, magnetics, and heat flow. Also includes observations and theories of plate deformation and continental dynamics. Case studies will be made on instructor selected Federation worlds. PSD455: Principles of Glaciology Covers snow deposition and metamorphism, avalanches, heat and mass balance at snow and ice surfaces, glacier flow, ice sheets, sea ice, permafrost, methods of paleoclimate reconstruction. Students are required to either have taken, or be concurrently enrolled in, PHYS201. PSD480: Great Geological Issues History and development of geological and paleontological theories and controversies; philosophy and methodology that have driven scientific inquiry in the planetary sciences.

Xenobiology Department

Xenobiology is the science of life and of living organisms on both Earth and alien worlds, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, and distribution. It includes botany and zoology and all their subdivisions. Most subjects in the Xenobiology department are eligible independant specialization studies.

Introductory Course

BIO101: Concepts The structure, function, heredity, evolution, and ecological interactions of living systems with emphasis on those concepts having major implications for humanoids and their societies.

Cell Biology

BIO151: Cell Biology, Humanoid The structure and function of humanoid cells with emphasis on evolutionary principles, basic biochemistry, and scientific epistemology. BIO152: Cell Biology, Non-Humanoid The structure and function of non-humanoid cells with emphasis on evolutionary principles, basic biochemistry, and scientific epistemology.

Physiology

BIO201: General Physiology A course introducing fundamental physiological concepts. BIO202: Physiology, Major Species The biological study of the functions of given Major Species. BIO203: Physiology, Minor Species The biological study of the functions of given Minor Species.

Genetics

BIO211: Genetics, Humanoid 1 Fundamental principles of heredity, including both Mendelian and molecular genetics. Emphasis is on those principles with the greatest implications to understanding biological systems in general, and humans in particular. BIO212: Genetics, Humanoid 2 Current research and paradigms in molecular genetics with emphasis on adaptive and developmental gene regulation, molecular evolution, manipulation for gene engineering, genomics, proteomics, and their implications. BIO213: Genetics, Non-Humanoid Overall view of the principles of sentient non-humanoid heredity, including Reatilian theories. Evolution & Ecology BIO221: Evolution, Humanoid The mechanisms of evolution, principles of population genetics, selection and adaptation, and the history of life on Earth, and selected Major Species planets. Biological diversity and evolutionary issues for medicine are also covered. BIO222: Evolution, Non-Humanoid The mechanisms of evolution, principles of population genetics, selection and adaptation, and the history of life selected non-humanoid planets. BIO223: Evolution, Superior Species The mechanisms of evolution, principles of population genetics, selection and adaptation for species with higher intelligence or super-human abilities. BIO320: Botany of Major Worlds Survey of algae, nonvascular, and vascular plants, with emphasis on the origin, structure, development, and physiology of flowering vascular plants for select Major worlds. BIO325: Zoology, General A survey of the major phyla, classes, and orders of animals, with emphasis on basic body plans and organization, development, phylogenetic relationships, and the structure and function of representative organ systems. BIO326: Zoology, Major Worlds A comparison of the major phyla, classes, and orders of animals from the homeworlds of Major Species.

Microbiology

BIO231: Microbiology 1 (Bacteria) Biology of bacteria. Laboratory includes culturing, identification, isolation from environment, and experimentation. BIO232: Microbiology 2 (Virii) Biology of virii. Laboratory includes culturing, identification, isolation from environment, and experimentation. BIO233: Algae and Fungi, Major Worlds Comparative ecology, physiology, and morphology of algae and fungi for select Major worlds.

Immunology & Pathology

BIO340: Immunology Principles of immunology with an emphasis on the role of experimentation for understanding the response to infectious diseases and the development of new paradigms. BIO401: Systems 1, Derm/Respir/Cardio/Hematol Systems The major focus of this course is on disease mechanisms. Students will learn the processes that cause disease (pathogenesis), the impact of disease on the functioning of the body (pathophysiology), and the consequence of the disease on the structure of the body (pathology). The Dermatologic, Respiratory, Cardiovascular, Hematologic are studied, with many opportunities for interdisciplinary learning. BIO402: Systems 2, GI/Musc/Renal/Endoc/Reprod Continuation of Systems 1 course, and focuses on Gastrointestinal, Musculoskelatal, Renal, Endocrine, and Reproductive organ systems. BIO440: Pathology Pathology is an introduction to general pathology, which represents an essential foundation for understanding cell and tissue responses to injury and the pathophysiology of diseases. The course focuses on general pathological mechanisms, including cell injury, inflammation, wound healing and angiogenesis, atherosclerosis and neoplasia, and will be taught primarily using problem-solving, case-based methods in small tutorial sessions and laboratories. BIO450: Musculoskeletal Pathophysiology The course covers growth and development of normal bone and joints, the process of mineralization, the biophysics of bone connective tissues and response to stress, calcium and phosphate homeostasis and regulation by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D, the pathogenesis of metabolic bone diseases and disease of connective tissues, joints and muscle with consideration of possible mechanisms and underlying metabolic derangements. BIO460: Endocrinology Students will study physiology and pathophysiology of the endocrine system. The format of the course will include both didactic lectures on the various glandular systems and presentation of clinical cases with relevant laboratory information. The cases serve to illustrate the pathophysiology and treatment of endocrine disease. BIO470: Reproductive Biology Designed to give the student a clear understanding of the pathophysiology of the menstrual cycle, fertilization, implantation, ovum growth development, differentiation and associated abnormalities. Disord